A- Level Biology
Glycolysis: The Base Process
An in-depth analysis of the splitting of glucose into pyruvate. Covers the energy investment phase, oxidation, and ATP yield.
Link Reaction & Krebs Cycle
Explains pyruvate oxidation, the cyclic regeneration of oxaloacetate, and decarboxylation within the mitochondrial matrix.
Muscle Structure & Contraction
Detailed examination of skeletal muscles. Includes myofibril structure, sarcomeres, and the sliding filament mechanism.
Paper 5: Planning & Analysis
A comprehensive guide to experimental planning. Covers defining variables, standardization, and handling data.
Statistical Tests: Correlations
Focuses on analyzing relationships between variables using Pearson’s Linear Correlation and Spearman’s Rank.
GCE/IGCE Biology
Human Excretion & Nephron
A complete overview of the urinary system, focusing on kidney anatomy and the role of the nephron in ultrafiltration.
Inheritance: Monohybrid Cross
Understanding genetic diagrams, alleles, and the fundamental principles of monohybrid inheritance patterns.
The Chi-Squared Test
Learning how to use the Chi-Squared test to determine if the difference between observed and expected results is significant.
Genetic Technology: PCR
Explaining the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and its application in amplifying DNA sequences for analysis.
Gel Electrophoresis
A detailed look at DNA separation techniques based on size and charge using agarose gel electrophoresis.
Microarrays & Bioinformatics
How computer technology and microarrays are used to analyze genome-wide gene expression patterns.
Paper 5: Practical Strategy
Essential techniques for mastering the planning, analysis, and evaluation components of the Paper 5 exam.
Statistical Tests: The t-Test
How to compare the means of two sets of data and calculate degrees of freedom in biological experiments.
Correlation Coefficients
Understanding Pearson's and Spearman's rank correlation to measure the strength of relationships between variables.
Sampling Techniques
Focusing on quadrats, transects, and mark-release-recapture methods for ecological population studies.
Simpson's Index of Diversity
Calculating species richness and evenness to quantify the biodiversity of a specific habitat.
The Hardy-Weinberg Principle
Using the Hardy-Weinberg equation to calculate allele and genotype frequencies in a stable population.
Shorts Insights
How Human Brain Signals are Received and Sent
An incredible look at the electrical communication network inside the human brain.
Explore Inside Your Body: Inner Body Anatomy
A deep dive into the internal systems that keep the human body functioning.
Lumbar Spine Herniated Disc Explained
Visualizing how spinal discs impact nerve health and mobility.
Heart Blood Flow 3D Animation
Detailed 3D visualization of blood circulating through chambers and valves.
How Neurons Communicate
Understanding the synaptic connections and neuroscience behind communication.
Skeleton, Support and Locomotion
Comprehensive guide to the skeletal system for O'Level and IGCSE biology.