IGCSE - Cambridge
Characteristics of Life (MRS GREN)
All living organisms share the following 7 characteristics:
- Movement: Changing position.
- Respiration: Releasing energy from food.
- Sensitivity: Responding to environment.
- Growth: Permanent increase in size.
- Reproduction: Making more of the same kind.
- Excretion: Removing waste.
- Nutrition: Taking in nutrients.
IGCSE - Cambridge
Cell Structure
Animal and plant cells share common parts like the nucleus and cytoplasm, but plants have extra structures.
[Image of animal cell vs plant cell structure diagram]
Plant Cells only: Cell Wall, Chloroplasts, and Large Vacuole.
GCSE - AQA
Eukaryotes & Prokaryotes
Eukaryotic cells: Have a nucleus (Animals and Plants).
Prokaryotic cells: No nucleus, DNA is a single loop (Bacteria).
A Level - CIE
Microscopy & Magnification
$ \text{Magnification} = \frac{\text{Image size}}{\text{Actual size}} $
Resolution is the ability to distinguish between two close objects as separate points.
Matric - 9th
Branches of Biology
- Morphology: Study of external structure.
- Histology: Microscopic study of tissues.
- Cell Biology: Study of cell organelles.
FSC - 12th Class
Structure of the Kidney
The kidney filters blood and forms urine. Its functional unit is the Nephron.
[Image of human kidney nephron diagram]